Mountains

1. The Himalayas: Trans-Himalayas & Western Himalayas

• The Himalayas are the world’s tallest and youngest mountain range.
• They form a massive natural wall across Northern India.
• This section focuses on their western parts and the Trans-Himalayas.
• Known for extreme heights and tough terrain.

Karakoram Range

• Location:
  • Stretches from the Pamir Knot through Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, India, and China.
  • Acts as an important border.
  • A rugged, icy range made mostly of strong metamorphic and sedimentary rocks.
• Highest Point:
  • Home to K2 (Mount Godwin Austen, 8,611 meters).
  • Second-highest peak globally and a major feature in India’s mountains.
  • Considered one of the hardest mountains to climb.
• Ice Giants:
  • This area has huge glaciers.
  • Includes the Siachen Glacier (world’s highest battlefield).
  • Also features the vast Baltoro and Biafo glaciers.
  • These glaciers are crucial sources of fresh water.
• River Source:
  • A key source of the Shyok River, an important branch of the Indus River.
  • Its meltwater is vital for dry regions.
• Environment:
  • It’s a cold desert located between the Great Himalayas and the Karakoram.
  • You can find wildlife like snow leopards, Ladakh urial, and Tibetan wolves here.
• Things to Do:
  • Famous for extreme trekking and challenging glacier expeditions.
  • Often needs permits because of its sensitive border location.

Ladakh Range

• Location:
  • Sits strategically between the Shyok and Indus River valleys.
  • Forms the backbone of the Ladakh region.
  • Part of the Trans-Himalayan system, created when the Indian and Eurasian plates collided.
• Extends To:
  • Continues into Tibet, where it’s known as the Kailash Range.
  • A holy site for Hindus, Buddhists, and Jains.
• Main Town:
  • The famous district of Leh is located within this range.
  • Historically an important trade route hub.
• Mountain Passes:
  • Features high mountain passes like Khardung La (one of the world’s highest motorable roads at about 5,359m).
  • Also includes Chang La and Chorbat La.
  • Popular for adventure motorcycling.
• Beautiful Lakes:
  • Close to the stunning high-altitude lakes of Pangong Tso and Tso Moriri.
  • These salty lakes are important breeding grounds for migratory birds like bar-headed geese.
• Unique Scenery:
  • The “Moonland” formations of Lamayuru.
  • Shaped by wind and water, creating a unique landscape.

Zaskar Range

• Location:
  • South of the Ladakh Range, running parallel to the Great Himalayas.
  • Forms a big barrier that cuts off the Zanskar Valley.
• Western Edge:
  • Its westernmost point is marked by the huge Nanga Parbat.
  • One of the world’s highest and most dangerous peaks.
• Highest Peak (in India):
  • Features Kamet (7,756m) in Uttarakhand.
  • A significant peak in the Garhwal Himalayas and part of the Greater Himalayan peaks.
• Important Pass:
  • Known for Photu La Pass, which connects key routes on the Leh-Srinagar highway.
• River:
  • The Zanskar River flows through this range, eventually joining the Indus.
  • Famous for the “Chadar Trek” in winter, where the frozen river becomes a trekking path.
• Local Culture:
  • Home to a unique Buddhist culture.
  • Features ancient monasteries like Phugtal Gompa carved into cliffs.

2. The Himalayas: Lesser Himalayas & Outer Himalayas

• Moving south from the towering peaks.
• The Lesser and Outer Himalayas offer a more accessible, yet equally beautiful, landscape.
• Features rolling hills, green valleys, and popular hill stations.

Pir Panjal Range

• Separates:
  • This range separates the Jammu region from the beautiful Kashmir Valley.
  • It’s the largest range in the Lesser Himalayas.
• Main Peaks:
  • Includes prominent peaks like Indrasan and Deo Tibba.
  • The range is made of various rocks like slate, limestone, and quartz.
• Saffron Growing Area:
  • Known for the unique Karewa formations.
  • Very fertile soil deposits from ancient lake beds, perfect for saffron farming.
• Important Passes:
  • Features strategic passes such as Haji Pir, Pir Panjal, and Banihal Pass (where the Jawahar Tunnel is located).
  • The newer Atal Tunnel (Rohtang Tunnel) also improves travel through the Pir Panjal, cutting down travel time to Lahaul-Spiti.
• Rivers:
  • A source for many branches of the Jhelum River.
  • The Chenab River also cuts through this range.
• Tourist Activities:
  • Popular for skiing (Gulmarg) and trekking in the Kashmir Valley.

Dhauladhar Range

• Description:
  • A significant part of the Lesser Himalayas, known for its distinct beauty.
  • The name “Dhauladhar” means “White Range” because of its snow-capped peaks.
• Major Hill Stations:
  • Adorned with popular tourist spots like Shimla, Kullu, Manali, Dharamshala, and Chamba.
  • Dharamshala is famously home to the Dalai Lama and the Tibetan government-in-exile.
• Rivers:
  • The Beas River starts near the Rohtang Pass, close to this range.
  • The Ravi and Parvati rivers also flow through valleys formed by this range.
• Wildlife Sanctuaries:
  • Home to the ecologically rich Dhauladhar Wildlife Sanctuary.
  • You can find Himalayan black bears, leopards, and various pheasant species here.

Shiwalik Range (Outer Himalayas)

• Span:
  • Stretches broadly from the Indus River in the west to the Brahmaputra River in the east.
  • Forms the southernmost and youngest Himalayan range.
  • Made of loose sediments brought down by Himalayan rivers.
• Farming:
  • Its foothills support diverse farming, including large tea plantations in Darjeeling.
  • The ‘Duns’ (long valleys) like Dehradun are fertile farming areas.
• Rivers:
  • Many Himalayan rivers flow down into the plains through this range, creating fertile valleys.
  • These areas are prone to erosion and landslides during monsoons.
• Tribes (Arunachal Pradesh):
  • In Arunachal Pradesh, it’s home to native tribes like the Monpa, Daffla, Abor, Mishmi, Nishi, and Naga.
  • These tribes have unique cultural practices and often rely on shifting cultivation.
• Fossil Discoveries:
  • Important fossil finds, including those of early humans, have been made in the Shiwalik hills.
  • Giving insights into ancient life forms.

3. North-East Hills (Purvanchal Ranges)

• These ranges form a unique area with dense forests, distinct tribal cultures, and high biodiversity.
• They border Myanmar.
• Part of the Himalayan curve, bending southwards along India’s eastern border.

Garo Hills (Meghalaya Plateau)

• Main Tribe: Mainly inhabited by the Garo tribe, known for their unique architecture and festivals like Wangala.
• Highest Peak:
  • Features Nokrek (about 1,416m), a prominent peak.
  • Also a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve.
• Attractions:
  • Known for Balpakram National Park and the Citrus Gene Sanctuary, vital for protecting biodiversity.
  • Balpakram is believed to be where spirits rest.
• Rivers:
  • The Simsang River starts in these hills.
  • Plays a crucial role in local farming and livelihoods.
• Economy: Known for coal mining, which has environmental consequences.

Khasi Hills

• Main Tribe: Home to the Khasi tribe, famous for their unique matrilineal society where lineage is traced through the mother.
• Major Towns:
  • Includes Shillong, the capital of Meghalaya.
  • Also the world’s wettest places, Sohra (Cherrapunjee) and Mawsynram.
  • These areas get some of the highest rainfall on Earth, leading to unique living root bridges.
• Cleanest Village:
  • Features Mawlynnong, often called the cleanest village in Asia.
  • A great example of sustainable tourism and community efforts.
• Rivers:
  • Key rivers include Umiam and Wah Umkhrah.
  • Umiam Lake is a major source of hydroelectric power.
• Caves:
  • Famous for impressive cave systems like Mawsmai Caves and Siju Caves.
  • Popular for caving and exploring geology.

Jaintia Hills

• Main Tribe: Inhabited by the Jaintia tribe, known for their traditional crafts and religious practices.
• Waterfalls:
  • Famous for beautiful waterfalls such as Krang Suri and Tyrshi Falls.
  • The region’s heavy rainfall creates many cascades.
• Rivers: Source of branches for the Myntdu and Umngot rivers. The Umngot River is famous for its crystal clear waters.
• Historical Importance: Historically, the Jaintia Kingdom was a powerful state in the region.

Patkai Bum

• Border: Forms a natural border between India and Myanmar.
• Geology: Part of the Indo-Burman range, it has steep slopes and dense forests.
• Mountain Pass:
  • Features the historic Pangsau Pass.
  • Known as the “Hell Gate” during WWII due to its difficult terrain.
• Rivers:
  • Where several rivers that flow into the Brahmaputra begin.
  • These rivers are vital for local irrigation and transport.
• Biodiversity:
  • Rich in diverse plant and animal life.
  • Includes various types of orchids and native tribal plants.

Naga Hills

• Highest Peak: Dominated by Mount Saramati (about 3,841m), the highest peak of the Patkai Range.
• District:
  • A significant part lies within the Kiphire district of Nagaland.
  • The region is known for its diverse Naga tribes, each with unique clothes and languages.
• Rivers:
  • Headwaters of the Dikhu and Tizu rivers.
  • These rivers carve deep valleys, influencing where tribal communities settle.
• Culture:
  • Famous for the Hornbill Festival.
  • A lively showcase of Naga culture and traditions.

Manipur Hills

• Key Tribes: Inhabited by diverse tribal communities including Meitei, Pangals, Kuki, and Naga.
• Culture: Manipur is known for its classical dance form, Manipuri.
• Lakes & Parks:
  • Home to the iconic Loktak Lake, the largest freshwater lake in Northeast India.
  • And Keibul Lamjao National Park, the world’s only floating national park, famous for the critically endangered Sangai deer.
  • The ‘Phumdis’ (floating islands) on Loktak Lake are a unique natural feature.
• Rivers: Important to the Imphal River system. The Imphal Valley is a significant farming area.
• Sports Origin: Believed to be the birthplace of modern polo (Sagol Kangjei).

Mizo Hills / Lushai Hills

• Location:
  • The southernmost range of the Purvanchal.
  • Known for its distinct conical peaks.
  • Mainly formed from soft, breakable sandstone and shale.
• Highest Peak:
  • Features Phawnpui (2,157m), also known as Blue Mountain.
  • Named for the bluish haze that often covers it.
• National Park:
  • Includes Phawngpui National Park, a biodiversity hotspot.
  • Home to clouded leopards, Blyth’s tragopan, and various orchid species.
• Rivers:
  • Tlawng and Chhimtuipui rivers start here.
  • Crucial for the region’s hydropower potential.
• Culture: The Mizo people are known for their vibrant festivals like Chapchar Kut.

4. Central Indian Highlands

• Consist of ancient, eroded mountain ranges and plateaus.
• Important for the region’s water systems and historical culture.

Aravalli Range

• Location: Spans across Delhi, Haryana, Rajasthan, and Gujarat. Its northern end in Delhi is known as the Delhi Ridge.
• Age:
  • Recognized as India’s oldest fold mountain range.
  • Dating back to pre-Cambrian times.
  • It’s what’s left of a very old geological formation.
• Mineral Richness:
  • Full of minerals like copper and dolomite.
  • Historically, the Aravallis were also rich in lead and zinc deposits.
• Highest Peak: Features Guru Shikhar (1,722m) in Rajasthan, located in the popular hill station of Mount Abu.
• Rivers:
  • Source of important rivers including Banas, Luni, Sahibi, and Sabarmati.
  • The Luni is a seasonal river that disappears into the Rann of Kutch.
• Wildlife Sanctuaries: Home to the Mount Abu Wildlife Sanctuary, which supports diverse wildlife, including sloth bears and leopards.
• Environmental Role: Acts as a natural barrier preventing the Thar Desert from spreading eastward.

Vindhya Range

• Location:
  • Lies north of the Narmada River.
  • Forms a significant geographical divide.
  • Mostly made of ancient sedimentary rocks, including sandstones and shales.
• Highest Peak: Sadbhavna Shikhar (752m), also known as Kalumar Peak.
• Rivers:
  • Gives rise to important rivers like Chambal, Betwa, Ken, and Tamsa.
  • These rivers flow northwards, joining the Yamuna and Ganga rivers.
• Geographical Importance:
  • The Tropic of Cancer crosses this range.
  • Traditionally marks a cultural divide between North and South India, historically influencing migration and cultural separation.
• Historical Sites: Known for ancient forts and cave paintings, showing its historical importance.

Satpura Range

• Location:
  • Runs south of and parallel to the Narmada River.
  • Also made of ancient crystalline and metamorphic rocks, with some basaltic lava flows.
• Sections: Includes distinct hill groups like Rajpipla Hills, Gawilgarh Hills, and Mahadeo Hills. The Mahadeo Hills are known for their beautiful landscapes.
• Eco-Tourism:
  • Famous for eco-tourism spots like Pachmarhi (a popular hill station and UNESCO Biosphere Reserve).
  • And the Satpura Tiger Reserve.
• Rivers:
  • Bounded by the Narmada to its north and the Tapi to its south.
  • These rivers form rift valleys, which are unique geological features.
• Biodiversity: Home to diverse plants and animals, including tigers, leopards, and various bird species.

Maikala Hills

• Location:
  • On the Chhattisgarh–Madhya Pradesh border.
  • These hills are an eastern extension of the Satpura Range.
• Tribes:
  • Inhabited by native tribes such as the Baiga and Gond.
  • These communities maintain strong connections to traditional forest practices.
• Parks:
  • Includes Kanha National Park and Achanakmar Biosphere Reserve, known for their rich wildlife.
  • Kanha is one of India’s largest tiger reserves, famous for its barasingha deer.
• Rivers: Source of branches for the Narmada River. Also a source for the Son and Mahanadi rivers.

Kaimur Hills

• Location:
  • An eastern extension of the Vindhyas, mainly in Madhya Pradesh and Bihar.
  • Characterized by flat-topped plateaus and cliffs.
• Rivers:
  • Crucial for the drainage systems of the Son and Tamsa rivers.
  • Many waterfalls are found along its cliffs.
• Features: Known for dense forests and significant mineral deposits, including limestone and bauxite.
• Historical Importance: Site of several ancient forts and historical ruins.

Ramgarh Hills

• Location: Located near Ambikapur in Chhattisgarh.
• Historical Significance:
  • Site of the ancient Jogimara Caves.
  • Featuring rock art older than the famous Ajanta Caves.
  • These caves are among the earliest examples of Indian cave paintings.
• Tribal Population: Home to the Pahadi Korwa tribe, a particularly vulnerable tribal group.

Rajmahal Hills

• Location: Located in Jharkhand (Santhal Pargana region).
• Geology: These are an isolated part of the main peninsular plateau.
• Tribes: Inhabited by the Santhal and Sauria tribes. The Sauria Paharia are one of the oldest tribal groups.
• Geological Age:
  • Characterized by rock formations from the Jurassic period.
  • Primarily basaltic lava flows known as the Rajmahal Traps, important for geological studies.
• River Nearby: The mighty Ganga River flows nearby. The hills provide a vital watershed for the region.

Garhjat Hills (Odisha Highlands)

• Location:
  • Form a transition zone between the Chotanagpur Plateau and the Eastern Ghats.
  • Characterized by rolling terrain and many valleys.
• Dominant Tribe: Primarily inhabited by the Gond tribe. Other tribes include the Santal and Khonds.
• Highest Peak: Features Malaygiri (1,190m).
• Parks:
  • Includes the famous Simlipal National Park, a major tiger reserve.
  • Simlipal is also a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve, known for its waterfalls and dense forests.
• Minerals: Rich in mineral resources, including iron ore and bauxite.

5. Western Ghats (Sahyadri Hills)

• A UNESCO World Heritage Site.
• Run parallel to India’s western coast.
• Form a biodiversity hotspot with a rich variety of plants and animals.
• Older than the Himalayas and significantly influence monsoon patterns.

Satmala Hills

• Location: Located in Nashik, Maharashtra. Part of the larger Sahyadri range.
• Rivers: A source region for the Godavari River. The sacred Godavari flows through this region.
• Historical Importance: Site of several ancient forts and temples.

Ajanta Range

• Location: Primarily in the Aurangabad district of Maharashtra. A small, distinct range within the larger Western Ghats.
• Rivers: Includes the origin of rivers like Penganga, Purna, and Shivna.
• Famous Site:
  • Famous for the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Ajanta Caves.
  • Showcasing ancient Buddhist rock-cut architecture.
  • These caves are known for their beautiful murals and sculptures dating from the 2nd century BCE to about 480 CE.

Balaghat Range

• Source: Source of the Manjra River, a branch of the Godavari.
• Role: Acts as a watershed divide in the Deccan Plateau.
• Farming: Known for dryland farming, including jowar and bajra.

Harishchandra Range

• Role: Forms a natural divide between the Godavari and Krishna river basins.
• Terrain: Its rugged terrain is popular for trekking.
• Highest Peak:
  • Features Harishchandragad (1,422m).
  • This fort peak has historical importance and a famous Konkan Kada (Konkan cliff).
• Pilgrimage: Close to the important pilgrimage site of Shirdi, famous for the Sai Baba temple.

Baba Budan Giri Hills

• Location: Located in Chikkamagaluru, Karnataka.
• Highest Peak (Karnataka): Home to Mullayangiri (about 1,925m), the highest peak in Karnataka.
• Historical Importance:
  • Known as the origin of coffee cultivation in India.
  • Legend says coffee seeds were brought here by Baba Budan from Yemen in the 17th century.
• Wildlife Sanctuary: The Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary is nearby, known for its tiger population and diverse bird species.

Nilgiri Hills

• Location: Forms a vital meeting point for the states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Karnataka.
• Part of: Part of the larger Western Ghats-Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve.
• Highest Peak:
  • Features Doddabetta (about 2,637m), the highest peak in the Nilgiris.
  • Offers panoramic views of the surrounding ranges.
• Biosphere Reserve:
  • Designated as the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, an important protected area.
  • It’s one of India’s oldest and most important biosphere reserves, known for its elephant corridors.
• Rivers:
  • Rivers like Bhavani, Moyar, and Kabini start here.
  • These are crucial branches of the Cauvery River.
• Tea Plantations: Famous for large tea plantations, producing high-quality Nilgiri tea.
• Indigenous Tribes: Home to native tribes like the Todas, Kotas, and Kurumbas, each with unique cultural practices.

Anaimalai Hills

• Highest Peak: Contains Anamudi (about 2,695m), the highest peak in South India. This peak is a very prominent one in the Eravikulam National Park.
• Parks:
  • Home to important protected areas such as Eravikulam National Park and Anamalai Tiger Reserve.
  • Eravikulam is known for the critically endangered Nilgiri Tahr.
• Rivers: Source of rivers like Aliyar and Chalakudy. These rivers are important for hydroelectric projects.
• Unique Forests: Characterized by unique shola forests (patches of stunted evergreen forests in valleys) and mountain grasslands.

Cardamom Hills

• Crops: Famous for growing cardamom, tea, coffee, and pepper. The perfect climate and soil make it ideal for spice cultivation.
• Prominent Peak:
  • Features Agasthyamalai, a sacred peak.
  • It’s an important pilgrimage site and a UNESCO World Heritage site due to its unique biodiversity.
• Wildlife Sanctuary: Includes the famous Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary, known for its elephant and tiger populations.
• Rivers: Source of the Periyar, Pamba, and Mullayar rivers. The Periyar River is Kerala’s longest and provides water for irrigation and power generation.

Palani Hills

• Connection: Geographically connects the Anaimalai and Cardamom Hills. An eastward extension of the Western Ghats.
• Tourist Attraction: Home to the popular hill station of Kodaikanal Lake, known as the “Princess of Hill Stations” for its pleasant climate.
• Forests: Rich in unique shola forests, high-altitude grasslands, and stunted evergreen forests. These unique ecosystems are vital for local biodiversity.

6. Eastern Ghats

• A broken range of mountains running parallel to India’s eastern coast.
• Older and more eroded than the Western Ghats.
• Feature diverse landscapes and important cultural sites.
• Major rivers like Godavari, Krishna, Mahanadi, and Cauvery cut through them.

Erramala Hills

• Location: Located in Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh. Part of the Cuddapah Basin formations.
• Landmarks:
  • Features the magnificent Belum Caves (India’s second-largest natural cave system).
  • And Gandikota, often called the “Grand Canyon of India.”
  • These are important geological and tourist attractions.
• Rivers: Contributes to the branches of the Penna River.

Nallamala Range

• Highest Peak: Features Bhairani Konda (1,100m). Part of the Cuddapah System of rock formations, known for their ancient age.
• Tiger Reserves:
  • Home to the large Nagarjunasagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve.
  • And Amrabad Tiger Reserve.
  • These are among India’s largest tiger reserves, providing crucial habitat.
• Dominant Tribe: Inhabited by the Chenchu tribe, a hunter-gatherer tribal group.
• River Nearby: The Krishna River flows nearby. The Srisailam Dam is a major hydroelectric project on the Krishna.

Velikonda Range

• Location: Located in Southeast Andhra Pradesh. Known for its rugged terrain and dense forests.
• Dominant Tribe: Also home to the Chenchu tribe.

Palkonda Range

• Important Hills: Includes the sacred Seshachalam Hills and the pilgrimage town of Tirupati.
• Tirupati: Home to the famous Tirumala Venkateswara Temple, one of the world’s most visited religious sites.
• Name Meaning: The name “Palkonda” means “Milk Hills,” referring to the milky white limestone found here.
• Biosphere Reserve:
  • Designated as the Seshachalam Hills Biosphere Reserve.
  • Known for its red sanders (Pterocarpus santalinus), a very valuable and endemic tree species.

Melagiri Hills

• Location: Near the Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary and Bannerghatta National Park.
• Role: These hills act as a natural corridor for wildlife.
• Rivers: Important for the Arkavathi and Cauvery rivers.

Javadi Hills

• Location: Located in Vellore, Tamil Nadu. Part of the Eastern Ghats outliers.
• Rivers: Important for the Cheyyar and Agaram rivers.
• Tribal Population: Inhabited by the Malayali tribes, known for their traditional farming practices.
• Astronomy: Home to the Kavalur Observatory, one of India’s top astronomical facilities.

Shevaroy (Shevroy) Hills

• Location: Located in Salem, Tamil Nadu.
• Highest Peak: Features Solaikaradu.
• Hill Station: Home to the popular hill station of Yercaud, known as the “Jewel of the South” for its pleasant climate.
• Crops: Famous for coffee, citrus fruits, and spice plantations.

Panchaimalai Hills

• Dominant Tribe: Inhabited by the Malayali tribe, known for their unique cultural heritage.
• Rivers: Important for the Sweata and Kallar rivers.
• Wildlife: Known for its rich medicinal plants. The hills are a source for traditional medicinal flora.

7. Other Notable Hills

• Beyond the major systems, several other significant hills are found across India.
• Each with its own unique importance.

Mahendra Giri (Tamil Nadu)

• Location: Located in Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu. Part of the southern Eastern Ghats.
• Key Site:
  • Home to ISRO’s IPRC Propulsion Complex.
  • A significant space research facility crucial for India’s space program, especially for testing liquid propulsion engines.
• Rivers: Part of the Tamirabarani river basin.
• Note: There is another Mahendragiri in Gajapati District, Odisha, which holds significant mythological importance (believed to be a spiritual abode mentioned in Hindu epics). This distinction is important for clarity.

Key Pointers:

• India’s Diverse Mountain Ranges: India’s landscape is shaped by spectacular mountain ranges, from the high Himalayas in the North to the ancient, biodiverse hills in the South.
• Geographical Grouping: The mountains are categorized into seven main zones: Trans-Himalayas & Western Himalayas, Lesser & Outer Himalayas, North-East Hills (Purvanchal), Central Indian Highlands, Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats, and Other Notable Hills.
• Himalayan Sub-ranges:
  • Karakoram Range: Home to K2 (8,611m), the world’s second-highest peak; vital geopolitical boundary with extensive glaciers like Siachen; source of the Shyok River.
  • Ladakh Range: Lies between Shyok and Indus valleys; extends into Tibet as Kailash Range; includes Leh and high passes like Khardung La; near Pangong Tso and Tso Moriri lakes.
  • Zaskar Range: South of Ladakh Range; includes Kamet (7,756m); known for the Zanskar River and the “Chadar Trek”; rich Buddhist culture.
  • Pir Panjal Range: Divides Jammu from Kashmir Valley; largest of Lesser Himalayas; known for Karewa saffron fields and strategic passes like Banihal.
  • Dhauladhar Range: “White Range” due to snow; includes popular hill stations like Shimla, Kullu, Manali, Dharamshala; source of Beas, Ravi, Parvati rivers.
  • Shiwalik Range: Southernmost and youngest Himalaya; extends from Indus to Brahmaputra; supports agriculture and tea plantations; home to various tribes in Arunachal Pradesh; significant for fossil discoveries.
• North-East Hills (Purvanchal Ranges): Dense forests, unique tribal cultures, high biodiversity.
  • Garo Hills: Home to Garo tribe; features Nokrek Peak (UNESCO Biosphere Reserve) and Balpakram National Park.
  • Khasi Hills: Home to Khasi tribe (matrilineal society); includes Shillong, Cherrapunjee, Mawsynram (world’s wettest places); Mawlynnong (cleanest village).
  • Jaintia Hills: Inhabited by Jaintia tribe; known for waterfalls and historical Jaintia Kingdom.
  • Patkai Bum: Border between India and Myanmar; features Pangsau Pass; rich in biodiversity.
  • Naga Hills: Dominates with Mount Saramati (3,841m); home to diverse Naga tribes; known for Hornbill Festival.
  • Manipur Hills: Inhabited by Meitei, Kuki, Naga tribes; home to Loktak Lake (floating islands) and Keibul Lamjao National Park (floating park).
  • Mizo Hills / Lushai Hills: Southernmost Purvanchal range; features Phawnpui (Blue Mountain – 2,157m); includes Phawngpui National Park; known for Mizo culture.
• Central Indian Highlands: Ancient, eroded ranges and plateaus, important for hydrology and history.
  • Aravalli Range: Oldest fold mountain range in India; spans Delhi, Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat; mineral-rich; features Guru Shikhar (1,722m); acts as a barrier to the Thar Desert.
  • Vindhya Range: North of Narmada River; traditionally marks cultural divide between North and South India; source of Chambal, Betwa, Ken rivers.
  • Satpura Range: South of Narmada River; eco-tourism spots like Pachmarhi and Satpura Tiger Reserve; bounded by Narmada and Tapi rivers.
  • Maikala Hills: Eastern extension of Satpura; home to Baiga and Gond tribes; includes Kanha National Park and Achanakmar Biosphere Reserve.
  • Kaimur Hills: Eastern Vindhyas extension; important for Son and Tamsa river drainage; dense forests and mineral deposits.
  • Ramgarh Hills: Site of ancient Jogimara Caves (pre-Ajanta rock art); home to Pahadi Korwa tribe.
  • Rajmahal Hills: In Jharkhand; inhabited by Santhal and Sauria tribes; characterized by Jurassic-era basaltic lava flows.
  • Garhjat Hills (Odisha Highlands): Transition zone; primarily Gond tribe; features Malaygiri (1,190m) and Simlipal National Park.
• Western Ghats (Sahyadri Hills): UNESCO World Heritage Site; parallel to western coast; biodiversity hotspot; older than Himalayas.
  • Satmala Hills: In Nashik; source of Godavari River.
  • Ajanta Range: In Aurangabad; home to Ajanta Caves (UNESCO World Heritage Site).
  • Balaghat Range: Source of Manjra River; known for dryland farming.
  • Harishchandra Range: Divides Godavari and Krishna basins; features Harishchandragad; near Shirdi pilgrimage site.
  • Baba Budan Giri Hills: In Karnataka; includes Mullayangiri (1,925m, highest in Karnataka); origin of coffee cultivation in India.
  • Nilgiri Hills: Trijunction of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka; features Doddabetta (2,637m, highest in Nilgiris); Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve; known for tea plantations and indigenous tribes.
  • Anaimalai Hills: Contains Anamudi (2,695m, highest in South India); home to Eravikulam National Park and Anamalai Tiger Reserve; unique shola forests.
  • Cardamom Hills: Famous for cardamom, tea, coffee, pepper cultivation; features sacred Agasthyamalai; includes Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary.
  • Palani Hills: Connects Anaimalai and Cardamom Hills; home to Kodaikanal Lake hill station.
• Eastern Ghats: Discontinuous range parallel to eastern coast; older and more eroded than Western Ghats.
  • Erramala Hills: In Kurnool; features Belum Caves and Gandikota.
  • Nallamala Range: Features Bhairani Konda (1,100m); home to Nagarjunasagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve and Amrabad Tiger Reserve; inhabited by Chenchu tribe.
  • Velikonda Range: In Southeast Andhra Pradesh; also home to Chenchu tribe.
  • Palkonda Range: Includes sacred Seshachalam Hills and Tirupati; designated Seshachalam Hills Biosphere Reserve (known for red sanders).
  • Melagiri Hills: Near Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary; important for Arkavathi and Cauvery rivers.
  • Javadi Hills: In Vellore, Tamil Nadu; inhabited by Malayali tribes; home to Kavalur Observatory.
  • Shevaroy (Shevroy) Hills: In Salem, Tamil Nadu; includes Yercaud hill station; known for coffee and spice plantations.
  • Panchaimalai Hills: Inhabited by Malayali tribe; known for medicinal flora.
• Other Notable Hills:
  • Mahendra Giri (Tamil Nadu): In Tirunelveli; home to ISRO’s IPRC Propulsion Complex. (Note: Distinct from Mahendragiri in Odisha).

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) about India’s Mountain Ranges

Q1: What are the main geographical divisions of India’s mountain ranges? A1: India’s mountain ranges are broadly grouped into seven geographical zones: The Trans-Himalayas & Western Himalayas, Lesser Himalayas & Outer Himalayas, North-East Hills (Purvanchal Ranges), Central Indian Highlands, Western Ghats (Sahyadri Hills), Eastern Ghats, and Other Notable Hills.

Q2: Which is the highest peak in India, and where is it located? A2: While K2 (Mount Godwin Austen – 8,611m) is the highest peak in the Karakoram Range, which includes disputed territory across Pakistan, India, and China. Within the Zaskar Range (part of the Western Himalayas in Uttarakhand, India), Kamet (7,756m) is a significant high peak. In South India, Anamudi (approx. 2,695m) in the Anaimalai Hills (Western Ghats) is the highest peak.

Q3: What is the significance of the Karakoram Range? A3: The Karakoram Range is geopolitically significant as a boundary zone spanning multiple countries. It’s home to K2, the world’s second-highest peak, and vast glaciers like Siachen (the world’s highest battleground). It’s also a source of the Shyok River.

Q4: Which mountain range is considered the oldest in India? A4: The Aravalli Range in the Central Indian Highlands is recognized as the oldest fold mountain range in India, dating back to pre-Cambrian times.

Q5: What are “Karewa formations” and which range are they found in? A5: Karewa formations are unique, highly fertile lacustrine (lake-bed) deposits found in the Pir Panjal Range of the Lesser Himalayas, primarily known for saffron cultivation in the Kashmir Valley.

Q6: Why are the Western Ghats considered a biodiversity hotspot? A6: The Western Ghats (Sahyadri Hills) are a UNESCO World Heritage Site due to their rich variety of flora and fauna, dense forests, and unique ecosystems like shola forests, making them a global biodiversity hotspot.

Q7: Which hill station is known as one of the world’s wettest places? A7: Sohra (Cherrapunjee) and Mawsynram, both located in the Khasi Hills of Meghalaya, are famous for receiving some of the highest rainfall on Earth.

Q8: Where in India did coffee cultivation originate? A8: Coffee cultivation in India originated in the Baba Budan Giri Hills in Chikkamagaluru, Karnataka, where legend states coffee seeds were brought from Yemen in the 17th century.

Q9: What is unique about Loktak Lake and where is it located? A9: Loktak Lake, located in the Manipur Hills, is the largest freshwater lake in Northeast India and is famous for its unique ‘phumdis’ (floating islands). It also hosts Keibul Lamjao National Park, the world’s only floating national park, home to the Sangai deer.

Q10: Which mountain range traditionally marks a cultural divide between North and South India? A10: The Vindhya Range, located north of the Narmada River, traditionally marks a significant cultural divide between North and South India.

Q11: Are there any ISRO facilities located in India’s mountain ranges? A11: Yes, ISRO’s IPRC (ISRO Propulsion Complex) Propulsion Complex, crucial for testing liquid propulsion engines for India’s space program, is located in the Mahendra Giri hills of Tamil Nadu.

Q12: What kind of tourism activities can be found in India’s mountain ranges? A12: India’s mountain ranges offer a wide array of activities including extreme trekking and glacier expeditions (Karakoram), adventure motorcycling (Ladakh Range), skiing (Gulmarg in Pir Panjal), wildlife safaris (Satpura Tiger Reserve, Simlipal National Park), eco-tourism (Pachmarhi), and visits to numerous hill stations like Shimla, Manali, Kodaikanal, and Yercaud.

Keywords

Indian Mountain Ranges, Himalayas, Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats, Aravalli Range, Satpura Range, Vindhya Range, Purvanchal Ranges, K2, Anamudi, Hill Stations India, Indian Geography, Trekking in India, Wildlife Sanctuaries India, Tribal Populations India, Rivers of India, Biodiversity India, Geological Formations India, Monsoon Climate, Cultural Heritage India, Indian Tourism.